25 Questionswww.test99.com
1. Drug companies lose money when manufacturing www.test99.com
drugs that cure those suffering from rare diseases www.test99.com
because selling a drug to only a few people usually www.test99.com
does not recoup manufacturing expenses．Therefore, www.test99.com
a company manufacturing any of the drugs that cure www.test99.com
those suffering from loxemia, an extremely rare www.test99.com
disease, will undoubtedly lose money．www.test99.com
Which of the following, if true, most seriously www.test99.com
weakens the conclusion above？www.test99.com
(A)Several drugs that cure those suffering from www.test99.com
loxemia also cure those suffering from very www.test99.com
common illnesses．www.test99.com
(B)Most of those who contract loxemia also con-www.test99.com
tract another illness concurrently．www.test99.com
(C)Most of the drug companies that manufacture www.test99.com
drugs that cure rare diseases do not manufac-www.test99.com
ture drugs that cure loxemia．www.test99.com
(D)A sizable number of people are afflicted wITh www.test99.com
one or another rare disease even though each www.test99.com
rare disease afflicts only a small number of www.test99.com
people．www.test99.com
(E)The larger the amount of a drug that is manu-www.test99.com
factured, the lower the manufacturing expense www.test99.com
for each unIT of the drug that is produced．www.test99.com
2.The tomb of a warrior killed in 1501 bears a sculpted www.test99.com
portraIT depicting him dressed for battle．Some his-www.test99.com
torians attribute the portraIT to an artist from that www.test99.com
century, but of the many references to the tomb in www.test99.com
surviving documents, none that predates the 1800’s www.test99.com
mentions the portraIT．The portraIT is therefore more www.test99.com
likely the work of a much later artist．www.test99.com
Which of the following, if true, would also support www.test99.com
the conclusion of the argument if substITuted for the www.test99.com
evidence given concerning the portraIT？www.test99.com
(A)The portraIT of the warrior was commissioned by www.test99.com
the family of the warrior’s widow．www.test99.com
(B)References in surviving documents mention that www.test99.com
an artist was paid in 1525 for an unspecified www.test99.com
number of works for the church in which the www.test99.com
tomb is locatedwww.test99.com
(C)The warrior is depicted in the portraIT as wearing www.test99.com
boots made of a material not used for boots www.test99.com
until the 1700’s．www.test99.com
(D)Some other art treasures from the church in www.test99.com
which the tomb is located have been reliable www.test99.com
dated to the 1400’s．www.test99.com
(E)The portraIT of the warrior on the tomb strongly www.test99.com
resembles a portraIT of him known to have www.test99.com
been completed during his lifetime．www.test99.com
Questions 3-7www.test99.com
A florist is designing flower arrangements containing two www.test99.com
or more varieties of flowers selected from among six www.test99.com
varieties of flowers：freesias, irises, lilies, peonies, tulips, www.test99.com
and zinnias．All acceptable arrangements conform to the www.test99.com
following condITions：www.test99.com
If an arrangement contains any freesias, IT cannot www.test99.com
contain any zinnias．www.test99.com
If an arrangement contains any tulips, IT cannot www.test99.com
contain any zinnias．www.test99.com
If an arrangement contains any peonies, IT must also www.test99.com
contain at least one zinnia, and there must be www.test99.com
exactly as many zinnias as peonies．www.test99.com
If an arrangement contains any irises, IT must also containwww.test99.com
tulips, and there must be twice as many tulips as irises.www.test99.com
If an arrangement contains freesias, the number of www.test99.com
freesias must be greater than the total number of www.test99.com
other flowers used．www.test99.com
3. Which of the following flower arrangements could be www.test99.com
made acceptable simply by adding a tulip？www.test99.com
(A)Three freesias, one lily, two tulipswww.test99.com
(B)Four freesias, two peonies, one tulipwww.test99.com
(C)Five freesias, one iris, one tulipwww.test99.com
(D)Two irises, two tulips, two zinniaswww.test99.com
(E)Two lilies, two peonies, two tulipswww.test99.com
4.Which of the following, if added to an unacceptable www.test99.com
flower arrangement consisting of four tulips and two www.test99.com
freesias, would make the arrangement acceptable？www.test99.com
(A)Four freesiaswww.test99.com
(B)Four iriseswww.test99.com
(C)Two lilieswww.test99.com
(D)Two peonieswww.test99.com
(E)Two zinniaswww.test99.com
5.Each of the following is a pair of varieties of flowers www.test99.com
that can be used together in an acceptable flower www.test99.com
arrangement EXCEPTwww.test99.com
(A)freesias and iriseswww.test99.com
(B)freesias and tulipswww.test99.com
(C)irises and lilieswww.test99.com
(D)irises and peonieswww.test99.com
(E)lilies and zinniaswww.test99.com
6.Which of the following unacceptable flower arrange-www.test99.com
ments could be made acceptable simply by removing www.test99.com
some or all of the flowers of one variety？www.test99.com
(A)Four freesias, one iris, one lily, one peonywww.test99.com
(B)Four freesias, one iris, two tulips, one zinniawww.test99.com
(C)Four freesias, two irises, two tulips, one zinniawww.test99.com
(D)Three freesias, one lily, one peony, two zinniaswww.test99.com
(E)Three freesias, two peonies, one tulip, two zinniaswww.test99.com
7.If an unacceptable flower arrangement consisting of www.test99.com
four freesias, one lily, one peony, and two tulips is to www.test99.com
be made acceptable by adding or removing only one www.test99.com
flower, which of the following must be done？www.test99.com
(A)Add one freesiawww.test99.com
(B)Add one iriswww.test99.com
(C)Add one zinniawww.test99.com
(D)Remove the peonywww.test99.com
(E)Remove one tulipwww.test99.com
8.Scientist：More than 1, 000 large asteroids regularly www.test99.com
cross the Earth’s path．Even though the probabil-www.test99.com
ITy of one colliding wITh the Earth is extremely www.test99.com
slight, we should do whatever we can to reduce www.test99.com
that probabilITy since any such collision would www.test99.com
be catastrophic．The best way to avoid such a www.test99.com
disaster is to deflect the asteroids．The only www.test99.com
known way of deflecting asteroids is by hITting www.test99.com
them wITh nuclear weapons that would be stored www.test99.com
in space stations．www.test99.com
The scientist’s claims are structured so as to lead to www.test99.com
which of the following conclusions？www.test99.com
(A)Nuclear technology is the only technology that www.test99.com
can plausibly be used to prevent natural www.test99.com
catastrophes．www.test99.com
(B)Nuclear weapons should be deployed in space．www.test99.com
(C)No catastrophe has yet been caused by the www.test99.com
collision of an asteroid wITh the Earth．www.test99.com
(D)The 1, 000 large asteroids that cross the Earth’s www.test99.com
path pose only an extremely slight risk of www.test99.com
colliding wITh the Earth．www.test99.com
(E)There is currently no acceptable use to which www.test99.com
nuclear weapons can be put, aside from pro-www.test99.com
tecting the Earth from asteroids．www.test99.com
9.IT has long been thought that high levels of the hor-www.test99.com
mone testosterone contribute to the onset of heart www.test99.com
disease in men．However, this view cannot be correct, www.test99.com
since men who have heart disease typically show www.test99.com
significantly lower levels of testosterone than do men www.test99.com
who have not had heart disease．www.test99.com
The argument above assumes which of the following？www.test99.com
(A)Many men who have never had heart disease www.test99.com
have unusually low levels of testosterone．www.test99.com
(B)Having heart disease does not significantly lower www.test99.com
the level of testosterone in men．www.test99.com
(C)Levels of hormones other than testosterone www.test99.com
significantly affect the likelihood that a man www.test99.com
will develop heart disease．www.test99.com
(D)Heart disease and lowered testosterone levels in www.test99.com
men are the effects of a single common cause．www.test99.com
(E)High levels of testosterone have never been www.test99.com
thought to contribute to a serious disease other www.test99.com
than heart diseasewww.test99.com
10.The time-out technique involves removing the child fromwww.test99.com
an undesirable sITuation in order to let the child think www.test99.com
things over．Over the last two decades, family doctors www.test99.com
have been advocating this technique as preferable to www.test99.com
spanking, which is now known to be potentially injurious www.test99.com
and no more effective．www.test99.com
10.Which of the following can properly be concluded www.test99.com
from the data presented in the graph？www.test99.com
(A)The 1962 survey was based on a larger sample www.test99.com
than the 1992 survey was．www.test99.com
(B)In the period between the surveys, denying tele-www.test99.com
vision privileges was never the disciplinary www.test99.com
technique most popular wITh parents．www.test99.com
(C)The four disciplinary techniques featured in the www.test99.com
graph were the only disciplinary techniques www.test99.com
named by parents in eITher survey．www.test99.com
(D)The 1962 survey allowed parents to name more www.test99.com
than one disciplinary technique, but the 1992 www.test99.com
survey may not have allowed this．www.test99.com
(E)In the period between the surveys, there were www.test99.com
no significant changes in the popularITy of lec-www.test99.com
turing children as a disciplinary method．www.test99.com
11.People who engage in scuba diving are healthier, on www.test99.com
average, than people who do not engage in this www.test99.com
activITy．Therefore, scuba diving tends to promote www.test99.com
improved health．www.test99.com
The argument is most vulnerable to crITicism on the www.test99.com
grounds that ITwww.test99.com
(A)presupposes that everyone who takes up scuba www.test99.com
diving does so solely for health reasonswww.test99.com
(B)leads to a further and falsifiable conclusion that www.test99.com
no one can achieve good health wIThout www.test99.com
engaging in scuba divingwww.test99.com
(C)fails to point out that a small number of people www.test99.com
are seriously injured in scuba diving accidents www.test99.com
each yearwww.test99.com
(D)treats a precondITion for improving one’s health www.test99.com
as though IT were something that by ITself www.test99.com
could ensure good healthwww.test99.com
(E)overlooks the possibilITy that people generally do www.test99.com
not take up scuba diving unless they are in www.test99.com
good healthwww.test99.com
Questions 12-15www.test99.com
An art museum owns six paintings by an eighteenth-www.test99.com
century painter．The paintings, listed in order by esti-www.test99.com
mated value from lowest to highest, are F, G, H, S, T, www.test99.com
and U．Paintings F, G, and H are landscapes; S, T, and U www.test99.com
are portraITs．At any one time, exactly three of the six www.test99.com
paintings are on exhibIT, subject to the following www.test99.com
restrictions:www.test99.com
The paintings on exhibIT cannot all be landscapes．www.test99.com
If the exhibIT includes only one portraIT, that portraIT www.test99.com
must be U．www.test99.com
H cannot be on exhibIT at any time that T is on exhibIT.www.test99.com
12.Which of the following could be the three paintings www.test99.com
on exhibIT at some point？www.test99.com
(A)F, G, and Hwww.test99.com
(B)F, G, and Twww.test99.com
(C)G, H, and Swww.test99.com
(D)G, S, and Uwww.test99.com
(E)H, T, and Uwww.test99.com
13.Which of the following, if they are the first two www.test99.com
paintings selected for inclusion in a future exhibIT, www.test99.com
leave the widest choice of paintings for the third www.test99.com
painting in that future exhibIT？www.test99.com
(A)F and Gwww.test99.com
(B)G and Hwww.test99.com
(C)H and Uwww.test99.com
(D)S and Twww.test99.com
(E)S and Uwww.test99.com
14.An exhibIT must include S if which of the following www.test99.com
is true？www.test99.com
(A)T is included in the exhibIT．www.test99.com
(B)T is not included in the exhibIT．www.test99.com
(C)H is the only landscape included in the exhibIT．www.test99.com
(D)U is included in the exhibIT．www.test99.com
(E)The exhibIT includes eITher F or G, but not both．www.test99.com
15.If U is undergoing restoration and is not available to www.test99.com
be exhibITed, which of the following is a painting that www.test99.com
CANNOT then be exhibITed？www.test99.com
(A)Fwww.test99.com
(B)Gwww.test99.com
(C)Hwww.test99.com
(D)Swww.test99.com
(E)Twww.test99.com
Questions 16-22www.test99.com
In each of the five consecutive days of a cooks’ con-www.test99.com
tention, exactly one of five well-known cooks―G, H, J, www.test99.com
K, and L―will cook a demonstration meal．Each of the www.test99.com
five cooks will cook exactly one of the five meals．The www.test99.com
schedule for the cooks is constrained by the following www.test99.com
condITions：www.test99.com
H cannot cook on any of the first three days．www.test99.com
L must cook on one of the days before the day on www.test99.com
which H cooks．www.test99.com
J must cook on one of the days before the day on www.test99.com
which G cooks．www.test99.com
G must cook on one of the days before the day on www.test99.com
which K cooks．www.test99.com
16.Which of the following can be the order, from first to www.test99.com
fifth, in which the five cooks cook the meals？www.test99.com
(A)G, K, L, J, Hwww.test99.com
(B)J, G, K, H, Lwww.test99.com
(C)J, G, K, L, Hwww.test99.com
(D)J, K, G, L, Hwww.test99.com
(E)L, J, H, K, Gwww.test99.com
www.test99.com
17.If K cooks the fourth meal, which of the following www.test99.com
must be true？www.test99.com
(A)G cooks on the third day．www.test99.com
(B)H cooks on the fifth day．www.test99.com
(C)J cooks on the first day．www.test99.com
(D)J cooks on the second day．www.test99.com
(E)L cooks on the third day．www.test99.com
18.Which of the following can be true？www.test99.com
(A)G cooks the first meal．www.test99.com
(B)J cooks the fourth meal．www.test99.com
(C)L cooks the fifth meal．www.test99.com
(D)H cooks on some day before G cooks．www.test99.com
(E)L cooks on some day after K cooks．www.test99.com
19.If G cooks a meal on some day before L does, then IT www.test99.com
must be true thatwww.test99.com
(A)G cooks the second mealwww.test99.com
(B)J cooks the third mealwww.test99.com
(C)H cooks the fourth mealwww.test99.com
(D)K cooks the fifth mealwww.test99.com
(E)L cooks the fourth mealwww.test99.com
20.If J does not cook on the first day, then IT must be www.test99.com
true thatwww.test99.com
(A)G does not cook the third mealwww.test99.com
(B)H does not cook the fourth mealwww.test99.com
(C)J does not cook the second mealwww.test99.com
(D)L does not cook the third mealwww.test99.com
(E)K does not cook the fifth mealwww.test99.com
21.If H does not cook the fifth meal, which of the fol-www.test99.com
lowing must be true？www.test99.com
(A)G cooks the second meal．www.test99.com
(B)J cooks the first meal．www.test99.com
(C)J cooks the second meal．www.test99.com
(D)K cooks the fifth meal．www.test99.com
(E)L cooks the first meal．www.test99.com
22.If G cooks the third meal, which of the following www.test99.com
is true？www.test99.com
(A)L is the only one of the five cooks who can www.test99.com
cook the first meal．www.test99.com
(B)J is the only one of the five cooks who can www.test99.com
cook the second meal．www.test99.com
(C)Any one of exactly three of the five cooks can www.test99.com
cook the second meal．www.test99.com
(D)K is the only one of the five cooks who can www.test99.com
cook the fourth meal．www.test99.com
(E)EITher one of exactly two of the five cooks can www.test99.com
cook the fifth meal．www.test99.com
23.Which of the following most logically completes the www.test99.com
argument below？www.test99.com
In recent years, the proportion of car buyers who buy www.test99.com
new cars rather than used cars has declined．Some www.test99.com
consumers have attributed this change to an increase www.test99.com
in new-car prices．As evidence of the price increase, www.test99.com
they cITe figures that show that, even adjusting for www.test99.com
inflation, the price that the buyer of a new car pays, www.test99.com
on average, is far higher now than a few years ago．www.test99.com
This evidence is unpersuasive, however, becausewww.test99.com
(A)the value of a car that is bought new declines www.test99.com
much more rapidly than does the value of a www.test99.com
car that is bought usedwww.test99.com
(B)after someone has bought a car, IT might be www.test99.com
several years before that person next buys www.test99.com
a carwww.test99.com
(C)a decline in the proportion of car buyers who www.test99.com
buy new cars must necessarily mean that the www.test99.com
proportion who buy used cars has increasedwww.test99.com
(D)the relative increase in used-car sales might be www.test99.com
explained by the decisions of only a small www.test99.com
proportion of all car buyerswww.test99.com
(E)the change in the average price paid for a new www.test99.com
car could result solely from more people’s www.test99.com
rejecting inexpensive new cars in favor of used www.test99.com
carswww.test99.com
24.In Bassaria a group of that country’s most senior www.test99.com
judges has crITicized the uniform mandatory sentences www.test99.com
recently introduced for certain specific crimes．The www.test99.com
judges argue that such sentences, by depriving them www.test99.com
of all discretion in setting sentences, make IT impos-www.test99.com
sible for them to consider eITher aggravating or exten-www.test99.com
uating circumstances and so make IT impossible to www.test99.com
achieve true justice―the fITting of the severITy of the www.test99.com
punishment to the gravITy of the particular crime．www.test99.com
Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest www.test99.com
evidence for the claim that in Bassaria the newly www.test99.com
introduced mandatory sentences are not necessarily a www.test99.com
change for the worse wITh respect to achieving true www.test99.com
justice as defined in the argument？www.test99.com
(A)Before mandatory sentencing, judges in eastern www.test99.com
Bassaria imposed strikingly different sentences www.test99.com
from those in western Bassaria for equally www.test99.com
grave instances of the same kind of offense．www.test99.com
(B)In Bassaria the frequency of crimes that have www.test99.com
been made subject to mandatory sentences is www.test99.com
lower now than IT was just prior to the intro-www.test99.com
duction of mandatory sentencing．www.test99.com
(C)The law introducing mandatory sentences was www.test99.com
passed in the legislature of Bassaria by a large www.test99.com
majorITy and is unlikely to be repealed in the www.test99.com
foreseeable future．www.test99.com
(D)There used to be a wide difference between the www.test99.com
minimum and the maximum sentences allowed www.test99.com
by law in cases of crimes now subject to man-www.test99.com
datory sentences．www.test99.com
(E)In Bassaria judges are appointed for life and are www.test99.com
thus not easily influenced by polITical pressure www.test99.com
groups．www.test99.com
25.Each of two particular inspection systems that are based www.test99.com
on different principles would detect all product flaws but www.test99.com
would also erroneously reject three percent of flawless www.test99.com
products．Assuming there is no overlap between the www.test99.com
products erroneously rejected by the two systems and www.test99.com
also no interference between the systems if both operate, www.test99.com
using both systems and rejecting only those products www.test99.com
found flawed by both would be a way of avoiding all www.test99.com
erroneous rejections．www.test99.com
Which of the following most precisely characterizes the www.test99.com
reasoning in the argument？www.test99.com
(A)The reasoning is conclusive, that is, the conclusion www.test99.com
cannot be false if the statements offered in ITs www.test99.com
support are true．www.test99.com
(B)The reasoning is strong but not conclusive, if the www.test99.com
statements offered in support of the conclusion are www.test99.com
true, they provide good grounds for that conclu-www.test99.com
sion, though IT is possible that addITional infor-www.test99.com
mation might weaken the argument．www.test99.com
(C)The reasoning is weak; the statements offered in www.test99.com
support of the conclusion, though relevant to IT, www.test99.com
by themselves provide at best inadequate grounds for the conclusion．www.test99.com
(D)The reasoning is flawed in that the conclusion is no www.test99.com
more than a paraphrase of one of the pieces of www.test99.com
evidence offered in ITs support．www.test99.com
(E)The reasoning is flawed in that the argument treats www.test99.com
evidence that a factor is necessary to bring about www.test99.com
an event as if IT were evidence that the factor iswww.test99.com
sufficient to bring about that event．