一般地说，比较是指对事物的相同方面进行比较；对比是指对比事物的差异或不同方面。下面两段就采用了对比方法。这两段将口头英语与书面英语的不同方面作了比较，两段的观点都一一对应，比如：Oral English is imformal while wrITten English is comparatively formal就是一对观点的对比。另外，两段之间用unlike oral Englsh承接，既让段落过渡自然，又使对比强烈。
First of all,oral English is usually considered informal.So no matter how poor one’s language is and how strange and foreign one’s pronunciation is,IT seems insignificant if only one can make his audience understood.Secondly,as to the audience,they are only interested in grasping the meaning,not actually mind,or even hardly notice how many grammatical mistakes the speaker makes.Furthermore,oral English is also regarded adaptable.When we cannot express something precisely,we may give the explanation of IT instead,or correct the mistakes on the spot.So oral English gives less chances of misunderstanding.
Unlike oral English,wrITten English is comparatively formal.IT requires good spelling and perfect grammar.Poor spelling and too many grammatical mistakes will put readers in a puzzling difficulty.They would be confused about what wrITers are getting at.In addITion,once the words are printed on the paper and handed to whoever the person concerned,wrITers can no longer make any changes.To avoid this,one has to pay much attention to spelling,practise grammer and wrITe clearly-constructed paragraphs.As a result IT will take longer time and much more efforts to communicate in wrITten English than in oral English.
4.依据时间的先后进行论述
依据时间的先后次序展开段落，就是完全按照事物实际发展的时间先后进行论述。如：下面两段就是以时间为序介绍鹿的生长过程。随着夏季一天天过去，又随着秋去冬来，鹿的新陈代谢也随着季节的推移而变化。
As the summer progresses and the fawns grow,they become less dependent on their mother’s milk and more dependent on growing plants as food sources.The adult males spend the summer growing antlers and getting fat.Both males and females continue to eat high qualITy food in the fall insgroupsto deposIT body fat for the winter.In the case of does and fawns,a great deal of energy is expended eITher in milk production or in growing,and fat is not accumulated as quickly as IT is in full grown males.Fat reserves are like bank accounts to be drawn on in the winter when food supplies are limITed and sometimes difficult to reach because of deep snow. As fall turnssintoswinter,other changes take place.Fawns lose their spotted coat.Hair on all the deer becomes darker and thicker.The change in the hair coats is usually complete by September and maximum hair depths are reached by November or December when winter becomes cold.
5.依据空间顺序展开段落
依据空间的次序进行论述应是有序地由远至近或由近至远，由上至下或由下至上对事物进行描写。下面的例子描写了一幅美丽宁静的夜景。作者先描写空中的月亮，再随洒向大地的月光写到湖四周随风摇曳的树枝，又由青蛙的叫声把读者引到了湖的中央，最后结尾讲：这是一个多么迷人的夜晚。这个段落文字简洁流畅，有序地按空间顺序由上写到下，由外写到里。读者可在平时的练习中注意模仿。
IT is a beautiful and quiet night.The moon is like a disc hanging on the dark sky,which casts ITs light on everything.Around the lake are some trees,their slender leaves billowing in the gentle wind.There must be some frogs in the middle of the lake,whose endless singing can be heard clearly.What an attractive night!
(三)写好结尾句
段落结尾或文章的结尾的方法很多，比如在文章的结论段提出问题，让读者自己去解答；引用谚语或名人名言进一步印证作者的观点；或将前面所讲的内容重点摘述等。在这里仅介绍几种适合写短文结尾的常用方法。
1.回答段落主题句中暗示的问题
如下面段落的第一句作为主题句阐明了做摘要的全过程显示(一个人)的决策能力。在文章的结尾作者以答复的口气作结论说：根据你在做笔记时所投入的时间和精力，你做摘要的效率会得到相应的提高。
The whole process of summarizing implies an abilITy to make decisions.You have to decide what the author’s plan is,how the material has been organized,what the key ideas are,and what material is used merely as example.You will not find the technique of summarizing easy at first because IT requires so many decisions.But your efficiency in making summaries,as well as your general reading efficiency,will increase in proportion to the time and effort you spend on perfecting your notetaking technique.
2.呼应主题句中的关键词，使用关键词的同义词重申段落的中心思想
下面段落的第一句为主题句，其关键词是famous。在结尾句中可使用它的同义词wellknown作结论。
Our universITy is one of the most famous universITies in China.IT is an old universITy whose origins can be traced back to 1938,when IT was first built up in Yanan.Now,IT is located in the northwest of Beijing.As a universITy of liberal arts,IT has 25 departments,more than 50 majors,about 7 000 students and 4 000 teachers.IT also plays a leading role in social science.In short,our universITy is wellknown both at home and abroad.
3.将段落中所论述的内容以摘要的方式进行总结
下面段落阐述了三方面的内容：environment,goods和service,可以用连接词not only…but also将三方面概括为一句作为结论句。
Walkingsintosthose luxury shopping centers,people will be fascinated by the beautiful decorations,graceful environment and elegant goods.There are various things for people to select:fashionable clothes,lovely stationery or precious jewelries.Besides people will be warmly greeted by salesmen and women who will offer a satisfactory service.In a word,such shopping centers provide not only pleasant environment,abundant goods but also excellent service.
4.以提问的方式结束段落
下面的段落讲述吃早饭的重要性，结尾句作者设问：如果不吃早饭或凑合吃一口会怎么样?这样的结尾为下一段不吃早饭的危害作了铺垫。
Many health experts consider breakfast to be the most important meal of the day.If we eat a good breakfast,we’ll have the energy and nutrients we need to begin our working day vigorously.IT is especially true if one’s work involves mental activITy.However,what happens if people skip breakfast or substITute a simple one for a high qualified meal?
5.使用过渡词给文章或段落作结论
如：In brief,tourism,according to my opinion,should not be encouraged.这里in brief起总结作用。Certaily,close cooperation will make the world a better place.这里的certainly发挥了强调及过渡作用。
以上两种方法简单易学，注意在实践中应用。